Starting with the sensor, measuring and controlling temperature is an essential building block of process industries. Automatic control in continuous processes uses industrial control systems to ...

Each body with a temperature higher than absolute zero (–273.15 °C = 0 Kelvin) releases electromagnetic radiation from the surface. This radiation is proportional to its intrinsic temperature. One ...

Robust statistical techniques are required to estimate the trend in meteorological data, where data are available only for a limited period with too many missing observations. We examined the ...