My rationale for beginning at the mitral area is to compare the auscultatory findings with those previously obtained by percussion and palpation (see Nonauscultatory Cardiac Exam: Assessing the ...

Diagnosis of congestive heart failure can be made clinically in the vast majority of patients if the symptoms of pulmonary venous hypertension (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea) and/or systemic ...

Patients with a syndrome of decreased exercise tolerance most frequently present with complaints of generalized fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, and/or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (dyspnea is ...