Sapphires are well known gem stones. Their processing, grading, heat treatment and eventual marketing are considered with a focus on the Australian sapphire industry, in particular the industry of the ...

It wasn’t long after humans discovered metals that they also discovered ways to apply heat to them to change their properties, such as making the metal stronger or more flexible. Here are some concise ...

Many industrial processes involve the heat treatment of materials, such as metals, plastics, and composites. Commonly used heat transfer fluids such as water, ethylene glycol, and oils exhibit ...